فصلنامه تاریخ فرهنگ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 45 (زمستان 1400)

Our current status of science, especially in the direction of science policy-making, requires the comparison of Qur'anic science with the science of the world of Islamic civilization, as our historical experience in science. The present article, focusing on the reactive-renewal fluidity of science as a form of fluidity of science, has tried to establish this comparison between the Qur'an and the world of traditional science as one of the most enduring worlds of Islamic civilization. The general process of research involves exploration, processing, adaptation, and comparison. The processing logic is a combination of inducing certain manifestations and logical exploration. The research findings indicate that the world of traditional science, in this kind of fluidity of science, diverges with the Qur'an. The Qur'an recognizes both tangible and intangible sciences and emphasizes the dual nature of the fixed and fluid nature of science, whereas in the world of traditional science, tangible science is not recognized and has always been surrounded by a fixed understanding of the nature of science.

Application of tolerance in the life of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (As) was done with different goals such as preserving the religion, guiding the mankind, creating harmony in society, repairing social disconnections, and so on. In fact, it covers one of the most important parts of their lives. The present study has implemented a historical-analytical approach with the aim of examining the most important statements related to tolerance in their traditions in order to perceive the goals and intentions of the Innocents Imams in practicing tolerance. The production and reconstruction of ideas, establishing the cultural foundations and software of the Islamic Iranian society in accordance with its political goals and slogans, as well as gaining the necessary knowledge and wisdom to protect the identity of Islamic culture in order to achieve Islamic civilization in the world, is the necessity of this research. The results of this study pinpointed their restraint from violence and conflict to the extent possible and their tolerance of the opposition in order to achieve the desired goals.

Fotowat as a powerful subculture in the span of Iranian civilization has created many discourses throughout the history. An examination of the original sources and texts of Fotowat shows that Shiite views and elements, in addition to creating a special kind of Fotowat as a Shiite discourse, have also profoundly influenced the other currents and discourses of this subculture. This article adopts a qualitative content analysis method in examining the ancient and original sources of Fotowat, to answer the question of "How well the components of Fotowat discourse such as the ideal-Shiite subculture are represented in the written texts and the socio-historical context?". The findings of the research show that the Shiite aspect of Fotowat has been manifested in the three axes of sanctification of spiritual guide, spiritual pole and the manifestation of a perfect human in the image of Imam Ali (AS); justice and anti-oppression; as well as the advocacy and defense of the weak and protection of morality in social life and urban environment under the name of heroic character.

The conquest of Sicily in the early third century (AH) was a valuable achievement for the Islamic world. A group of Iranians from that time in the form of "Khorasani Corps" under the command of Asad ibn al-Furat Neyshabouri, along with other Muslims entered Sicily and took an active part in the political, social and cultural developments of the region. The present study examines the how of the Iranians presence in Sicily and explains their place and status in the history and civilization of Sicily in the Islamic period. According to the available sources, it seems that Iranians were involved in some of the political events of Sicily in the Islamic period and in the field of Islamic civilization had spread all kinds of Islamic-Iranian sciences, industries, architecture and fine arts in Sicily. These achievements of civilization were transferred to Italy and then to Europe during the Norman period.

Modeling the actions of the holy Prophet (PBUH) is not always possible and sometimes it is difficult to benefit from his actions. The historical distance between the Prophet and the today's people has restricted following some of his actions. Therefore, it is necessary to contemporise his actions in accordance with the culture of the time, while taking into account the requirements and conditions of it. The present article tries to explain the practical steps of contemporising the actions of the Prophet and the method of utilizing the historical actions of the Prophet. The results of this study suggest a five-step process that contemporises the actions of the Prophet in accordance with the cultural and environmental atmosphere of the present era. Feasibility study, establishment of the historical limitations, recognition of the variable doctrine, discovery of the purpose and reconstruction of the Prophet's action, are the five steps that can be taken to contemporise the actions of the Prophet.

Some consider Amali to be a collection of texts without a thematic and content focus, but by studying Sheikh Sadough's Amali's book, one can understand that despite the lack of a clear apparent order, certain issues, especially in relation to the beliefs and ethics of Imami Shiites, are emphasized in the process of holding his spelling sessions in Neishabour. This contradiction shapes the issue that, given Sheikh Sadough's concern about the Shiites of Neishabour, which thematic axes about Shiism and Shiites can be identified from the narrations selected and quoted in his assemblies? This text-based study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, proves the claim that he tried to use his spelling sessions in Neishabour as an intensive and purposeful course in the doctrinal-moral education of the Shiites. The beliefs, distinctions, customs and the ideal lifestyles for the Shiites are some of the most distinct axes in his work.

With the establishment of the Abbasids, the influence of the Iranians, the transfer of science to Baghdad, and the establishment of the House of Wisdom, scientific activity flourished there and Muslims made advances in various branches of sciences, especially medicine. The abundance of books on ophthalmology indicates the success of this field of medicine compared to the other branches of medicine. The present study was conducted to investigate the extent of ophthalmological changes from the third to the fifth century (AH). The results of the study were obtained by a comparative study of the books of the two physicians, namely Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Sina. Ibn Ishaq (1944-264 AH) owes his book "Ophthalmology", as the first book of ophthalmology including some references, to Greek physicians and the use of Greek words, but Ibn Sina (428-370 AH), in the eye section of the Book of Law, as the most significant medical work of the Golden Age, in addition to changing the names,  has introduced more diseases that are the product of his experiences, and also the Book of Law has a better logical and intellectual coherence that has certainly been affected by his philosophical knowledge.